The TWMM was provided by Beijing HanDian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Chlorogenic acid, linarin, luteolin, jaspolyside, tolbutamide, stachydrine, magnoflorine, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, stepharanine, jatrorrhizine, epiberberine, columbamine, ononin, berberine, palmatine, berberrubine, calycosin, formononetin, 2α-hydroxyoleanic acid, hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, verbascoside, specnuezhenide, oleuropein, physcion, oleonuezhenide, astragaloside IV, astragaloside II, isoastragaloside II, astragaloside I, luteolin, formononetin, and tolbutamide (purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd and Sichuan Weikeqi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. Acetonitrile and formic acid both in HPLC grade were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bredford, MA, USA). Other reagents were all analytical grade.

Reference compounds, comprising specnuezhenide, oleuropein, nuezhenidic acid, ligustroflavone, G13, oleoside 11-methyl ester, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, acteoside, protocatechuic acid, galuteolin, apigenin, quercitrin, rutin, luteolin, quercetin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, betulin, emodinmonomethyl ether, 3β-O-acetylpomolic acid, oleonuezhenide, 6′-O-trans-cinnamoyl-8-epikingisidic acid, ligulucidumoside A, ligulucidumoside C, oleuropeinic acid, echinacoside, 3β-O-acetylpomolic acid, oleonuezhenide, 6′-O-trans-cinnamoyl-8-epikingisidic acid, ligulucidumoside A, ligulucidumoside C and geniposide (purity ≥98%), were provided by Yifang S&T Co. Ltd (Tianjin, China), the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and Sichuan Weikeqi Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd. Methanol and acetonitrile (chromatographic purity) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). The Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used to produce Ultrapure-water. All reagents were analytical grade.