The reference standards calycosin-7-O-glucoside, calycosin, ononin,astragaloside IV, and astragaloside II were purchased from JiangsuYongjian  Pharmaceutical  Technology  Co.,  Ltd  (Jiangsu,  China).Formononetin was purchased from Shanghai Forever Biotech Co.,Ltd  (Shanghai,  China).  Astragaloside  I,  astragaloside  III,  andisoastragaloside II were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotech Co.,Ltd (Sichuan, China).

were provided by the Chinese National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Standards of CCS (120628, >98%), CCSG (121219, >97%), SEI (120728, >96%), ONO (120531, >98%), 5-O-M (120620, >98%), DAI (120829, >98%), FOR (120227, >98%), SEA (120828, >96%), and AST-III (120615, >98%) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotech Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Standards for THPB (10421-201207, >98%), TET (110711-200708, >98%), and THP (20302-201204, >98%) were purchased from Nanchang Beta Biotech Co., Ltd. (Nan chang, China).

Astragaloside and isoavonoid standards, including astragaloside I (AG I), astragaloside II (AG II), isoastragaloside II (IAG

II), astragaloside III (AG III), astragaloside IV (AG IV), cycloastragenol (CY), calycosin-7-O-b-D-glucoside (CAG), ononin

(ON), astraisoavan-7-O-b-D-glucoside (ASG), calycosin (CA) and

formononetin (FO), were purchased from Weikeqi Biological

Technology Co. Ltd. (Sichuan province, China). Other reagents

of either analytical or optical grade were obtained from Beijing

Chemical Reagents Co. (Beijing, China).

AG standards including AG I, AG II, IAG II, AG III, AG IV and CY were purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan province, China). UV-A, UV-B and UV-C lamps (40 W) were bought from Beijing Institute of Electric Light Source (Beijing, China).

Mature seeds of A. membranaceus were generously provided by Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine. AG standards including AG I, AG II, IAG II, AG III, AG IV and CY were purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co. Ltd. (Sichuan province, China). Other reagents either of analytical or optical grades were obtained from Beijing Chemical Reagents Co. (Beijing, China).

sucrose and 1 g/L casein hydrolyzate but without NH4NO3, at 25 ± 1 °C in the dark. AG standards including astragaloside I (AG I), astragaloside II (AG II), isoastragaloside II (IAG II), astragaloside III (AG III), astragaloside IV (AG IV) and cycloastragenol (CY) were purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan province, China). Elicitors (MJ, SA and ASA) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Co.

Formononetin was purchased from

Shanghai Forever Biotech Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).

Calycosin-7-glucoside, calycosin, ononin, astragaloside IV,

and astragaloside II were purchased from Jiangsu Yongjian

Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd (Jiangsu, China).

Astragaloside I, astragaloside III, and isoastragaloside II were

purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotech Co., Ltd (Sichuan,

China). I