Epimedin C, icariin, icaritin dirhamnoside, baohuoside I, rutin, isoquercitrin, neohesperidin, glucohesperetin, naringin, prunin, myricetrin, myricetin, vitexin, dioscin, zingiberensis newsaponin, ginsenoside Rg2, and ginsenoside Re were all purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd (China).

Dried tubers of Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright (DZW, Fig. 1b; powder form, P-DZW, Fig. 1c) and crude extract of DZW (E-DZW, Fig. 1d) were supplied by Zunyi City Bei Yuan Chemical Co., Ltd (China). The standard materials of diosgenin, zingiberensis newsaponin (S1), deltonin (S2), prosapogenin A (S3), trillin (S6), polyphyllin I, and dioscin were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd (China). Diosgenin triglucoside (S4) and diosgenin diglucoside (S5) were purified from E-DZW. All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Beijing Chemical Co., Ltd (China).

hecogenin (1), diosgenin (2), ruscogenin (3), gitogenin (4), tigogenin (5), solasodine (6), (24S,25S)-3β, 24-di-hydroxy-5α-spirostan (7), dracaenol C (8), 25(27)-dehydroruscogenin (9), (1β, 3β, 14α, 15α, 20R, 22S, 25R)-spirost-5-ene-tetrol (10), peimine (11), peiminine (12), peimisine (13), isoverticine (14), trillin (15), polyphyllin VI (16), polyphyllin VII (17), pallidifloside D (18), prosapogenin A (19), spongipregnoloside A (20), dioscin(21), solasonine (22), solamargine (23), gracillin (24), polyphyllin I(25), timosaponin BII (26), timosaponinA-III(27), ophiopogonin D (28), protobioside (29), (22S,25S)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-22,25-epoxyfurost-5-en-3β,26-diol-3-O-α-l-rha-mnopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d-gluc (30), pallidifloside E (31), parispseudoside (32), methylprotodioscin (33), protodioscin (34), pseudoprotodioscin (35), YS-IX (36), pallidifloside A (37), pallidifloside H (38), digoxin (39), bisdigoxigenin (40), 7β, 14α, 21-tri-hydroxy-diosgenin (41), 12β,14α,21-tri-hydroxy-diosgenin (42), and 11β,14α-di-hydroxyldiosgenin (43) were purchase from Sichuan weikeqi biotechnology company (Sichuan province, China). Pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs, 20 mg/mL) and pooled human primary hepatocytes were purchased from Rild Research Institute for LiverDiseases (Shanghai, China).

for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China) (Fig. 1a). Dioscin (DC), pseudoprotodioscin (PPD) and methylprotodioscin (MP) were bought from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co. Ltd. (Sichuan, China) (Fig. 1a).