The CA ($98%) was purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology (Chengdu, Sichuan, China). Its chemical structure is

shown in Fig. 1A. LPS (L2630) and all other chemicals were the

purest grade available from Sigma-Aldrich

Chicoric acid, caffeic acid, and caftaric acid (purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), herring sperm DNA (hsDNA, D3159)

Chicoric acid (purity ≥ 98%) was purchased from Weikeqi

Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Sichuan, China). The chemical

structure of CA is shown in Fig. 1A. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS),

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

(MTT), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA),

The concentration of chicoric acid (purity ≥ 98%) (Fig. 1A), purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Sichuan, China), was 100 mg kg?1 for the in vivo experiments based on previous studies.35 Mice in the d-gal group and the d-gal + chicoric acid group were intraperitoneally injected (i.p.) with d-gal

Standards of chicoric acid, caffeic acid, and caftaric acid (purity ≥98%) were purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Sichuan, China). Rat liver microsomes were obtained from CHI Scientific, Inc. (Massachusetts, USA). Glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), G-6-P dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)

Standards of chicoric acid, and ferulic acid (purity?≥98%) were purchased from Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Sichuan, China). Chromatographic grade methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile were purchased from Tedia Company Inc. (Fairfield, USA).